Last updated April 2026.
Understanding Criminal Records
U.S. criminal records, commonly referred to as “rap sheets,” are comprehensive documents that document an individual’s criminal history. These records contain detailed information about all documented arrests, criminal charges filed against a person, and the final outcomes of those charges, including convictions, acquittals, or dismissals. Criminal records are digitally filed and systematically maintained by law enforcement agencies at the local, state, and federal levels, creating a centralized record-keeping system that allows authorities to track criminal activity and maintain public safety information.
What Information Is Included in Criminal Records
Criminal records provide a comprehensive account of a person’s documented criminal history and law enforcement interactions. These records typically include:
- Arrests and arrest warrants
- Criminal charges filed
- Conviction records
- Felony convictions and sentences
- Inmate records if the person was incarcerated
- Juvenile criminal records (in some cases)
- Parole information and parole violations
- Probation records and probation violations
- Misdemeanor convictions
- Sex offender registrations and listings
- Serious traffic violations (in some jurisdictions)
- Bail and bond information
- Court dispositions and sentencing information
The amount and type of information included in a criminal record may vary depending on the jurisdiction, the nature of the offense, and whether the record has been sealed, expunged, or otherwise restricted.
Who Maintains Criminal Records
Criminal records are maintained by law enforcement agencies and government offices at multiple levels. Local law enforcement agencies, including city and county police departments, maintain records of crimes and arrests that occur within their jurisdictions. State law enforcement agencies, including state police and the state attorney general’s office, maintain statewide criminal databases. At the federal level, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) maintains the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) database and the Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) division, which coordinates criminal record information from jurisdictions across the country.
Uses of Criminal Records
Criminal records serve multiple important purposes in the justice system and broader society. Law enforcement agencies use criminal records during investigations to identify suspects, track patterns of criminal activity, and determine whether outstanding warrants exist for individuals. Criminal records are also used by other agencies and private organizations conducting background checks to determine an individual’s suitability for various purposes, including:
- Employment verification
- Security clearance determinations
- Adoption and foster care eligibility
- Immigration and naturalization decisions
- Professional licensing determinations
- Housing and rental applications
- Volunteer background checks
- Firearm purchase eligibility
Employers, landlords, adoption agencies, and government bodies routinely conduct background checks using criminal records to make informed decisions about hiring, housing, and eligibility determinations.
Accessing Your Own Criminal Record
You are entitled to access your own federal criminal record, which is officially known as an Identity History Summary. To request your Identity History Summary, you must submit a completed application form (available from the FBI), an original copy of your fingerprints, and payment for the processing fee (currently $18). These materials should be sent to:
FBI CJIS Division – Summary Request
1000 Custer Hollow Road
Clarksburg, West Virginia 26306
The FBI processes these requests and returns a copy of your Identity History Summary showing all federal arrests and convictions. Processing typically takes several weeks. You can also request information about your state and local criminal records from your state’s law enforcement agency or your local police department.
Sealing and Expungement of Criminal Records
In some cases, criminal records can be sealed or expunged (erased), particularly for juvenile offenders or individuals whose charges were dismissed or who were acquitted. The procedures for sealing or expunging records vary significantly by state and jurisdiction. Some states allow expungement of misdemeanors but not felonies, while others have broader or narrower expungement laws. If you believe you are eligible to have a criminal record sealed or expunged, you should consult with an attorney in your state who can advise you on applicable laws and procedures.
Accuracy and Errors in Criminal Records
Criminal records are important documents, and accuracy is essential. However, errors can occur in criminal records due to data entry mistakes, misidentification, or other administrative errors. If you believe there are inaccuracies in your criminal record, you have the right to seek correction. The process for correcting errors varies by jurisdiction, but typically involves contacting the law enforcement agency that maintains the record and requesting correction of the inaccurate information. In some cases, you may need to petition a court to have errors corrected.
Privacy and Criminal Records
While criminal records are public documents, access to certain types of criminal information is restricted in some cases. For example, juvenile records are often sealed and not accessible to the general public. Additionally, some states limit public access to certain types of criminal information or allow individuals to limit the distribution of their criminal records for legitimate reasons. Check your state’s laws regarding criminal record privacy and access restrictions.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I request someone else’s criminal record?
In most jurisdictions, criminal records are public documents and can be obtained by anyone. However, some types of records, such as juvenile records, may be restricted. Contact your local law enforcement agency for information about accessing criminal records.
How long does information stay on a criminal record?
Criminal records are typically permanent and are not automatically removed or expunged after a certain period of time. However, in some jurisdictions and under certain circumstances, records can be sealed or expunged. This depends on state law and the specific circumstances of the case.
Can a criminal record affect employment?
Yes, employers can conduct background checks and will typically see criminal convictions. However, not all convictions disqualify someone from employment, and discrimination laws protect certain groups. Employers must follow Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) procedures and cannot discriminate based on protected characteristics.
Can I travel internationally with a criminal record?
Some countries deny entry or impose restrictions on individuals with criminal records. If you plan to travel internationally, contact the embassy or consulate of your destination country to learn about their entry requirements and whether your criminal record will affect your ability to travel.
How do I correct an error in my criminal record?
Contact the law enforcement agency that maintains your record and provide documentation of the error. You may need to provide court documents or other evidence. If the agency does not correct the error, you may be able to petition a court for correction.